Commelinids
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In plant taxonomy, commelinids (originally commelinoidscite-ref-apg-i-1-0[1]cite-ref-apg-ii-2-0[2]) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid.cite-ref-footnoteharrishartley1976-3-0[3]cite-ref-dahlgren-1983-4-0[4] Well-known commelinids include palms and relatives (order Arecales), dayflowers, spiderworts, kangaroo paws, and water hyacinth (order Commelinales), grasses, bromeliads, rushes, and sedges (order Poales), ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal, bananas, plantains, and bird of paradise flower (order Zingiberales).
The commelinids are the only clade that the APG IV system has informally named within the monocots. The remaining monocots are a paraphyletic unit. Also known as the commelinid monocots it forms one of three groupings within the monocots, and the final branch; the other two groups are the alismatid monocots and the lilioid monocots.
Contents
• See also
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Description
Members of the commelinid clade have cell walls containing UV-fluorescent ferulic acid.cite-ref-footnoteharrishartley1976-3-1[3]cite-ref-dahlgren-1983-4-1[4]
Taxonomy and phylogeny
The commelinids constitute a well-supported clade within the monocots,cite-ref-cantino-2007-5-0[5] and this clade has been recognized in all four APG classification systems. It consists of four orders:
• Arecales (palms)
• Commelinales (spiderwort, water hyacinth)
• Poales (grasses, rushes, bromeliads)
• Zingiberales (gingers, banana)
As of APG IV (2016) the family Dasypogonaceae is no longer directly placed under commelinids but instead a family of order Arecales.cite-ref-footnoteapg-iv2016-6-1[6]
Historical taxonomy
The commelinids were first recognized as a formal group in 1967 by Armen Takhtajan, who named them the Commelinidae and assigned them to a subclass of Liliopsida (monocots).cite-ref-takhtajan-1967-7-0[7] The name was also used in the 1981 Cronquist system. However, by the release of his 1980 system of classification, Takhtajan had merged this subclass into a larger one, and no longer considered it to be a clade.
Takhtajan system
The Takhtajan system treated this as one of six subclasses within the class Liliopsida (=monocotyledons). It consisted of the following:
subclass Commelinidae
superorder Bromelianae
order Bromeliales
order Velloziales
superorder Pontederianae
order Philydrales
order Pontederiales
order Haemodorales
superorder Zingiberanae
order Musales
order Lowiales
order Zingiberales
order Cannales
superorder Commelinanae
order Commelinales
order Mayacales
order Xyridales
order Rapateales
order Eriocaulales
superorder Hydatellanae
order Hydatellales
superorder Juncanae
order Juncales
order Cyperales
superorder Poanae
order Flagellariales
order Restionales
order Centrolepidales
order Poales
Cronquist system
The Cronquist system treated this as one of four subclasses within the class Liliopsida. It consisted of the following:
subclass Commelinidae
order Commelinales
order Eriocaulales
order Restionales
order Juncales
order Cyperales
order Hydatellales
order Typhales
APG system
The APG II system does not use formal botanical names above the rank of order; most of the members were assigned to the clade commelinids in the monocots (its predecessor, the APG system used the clade commelinoids).cite-ref-8[8]cite-ref-9[9]
See also
References
cite-note-apg-i-11. ↑ citerefapg1998APG (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531–553. Bibcode:1998AnMBG..85..531.. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015.
cite-note-apg-ii-22. ↑ citerefapg-ii2003APG II (2003). "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
cite-note-footnoteharrishartley1976-33. ↑ Harris & Hartley 1976.
cite-note-cantino-2007-55. ↑ citerefcantinojames-a-doylesean-w-grahamwalter-s-judd2007Cantino, Philip D.; James A. Doyle; Sean W. Graham; Walter S. Judd; Richard G. Olmstead; Douglas E. Soltis; Pamela S. Soltis; Michael J. Donoghue (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta". Taxon. 56 (3): E1 – E44. doi:10.2307/25065865. JSTOR 25065865.
cite-note-footnoteapg-iv2016-66. APG IV 2016.
cite-note-takhtajan-1967-77. ↑ citereftakhtajan1967Takhtajan, A. (1967). Система и филогения цветковых растений (Systema et Phylogenia Magnoliophytorum). Moscow: Nauka.
cite-note-88. ↑ http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ the official APG website
Bibliography
• citerefapg-iv2016APG IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
• citerefbarrett-et-al2016Barrett, Craig F.; Baker, William J.; Comer, Jason R.; Conran, John G.; Lahmeyer, Sean C.; Leebens-Mack, James H.; Li, Jeff; Lim, Gwynne S.; Mayfield-Jones, Dustin R.; Perez, Leticia; Medina, Jesus; Pires, J. Chris; Santos, Cristian; Wm. Stevenson, Dennis; Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Davis, Jerrold I. (January 2016). "Plastid genomes reveal support for deep phylogenetic relationships and extensive rate variation among palms and other commelinid monocots". New Phytologist. 209 (2): 855–870. Bibcode:2016NewPh.209..855B. doi:10.1111/nph.13617. PMID 26350789.
• citerefdahlgrencliffordyeo1985Dahlgren, R. M. T.; Clifford, H. T.; Yeo, P. F. (1985). The Families of the Monocotyledons: Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-13655-2.
External links
• Data related to Commelinids at Wikispecies
• Media related to Commelinids at Wikimedia Commons